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The Shvetashvatara Upanishad (Sanskrit ') is an ancient Sanskrit text embedded in the Yajurveda. It is listed as number 14 in the Muktika canon of 108 Upanishads.〔Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814691, pages 556-557〕 The Upanishad contains 113 mantras or verses in six chapters.〔Robert Hume (1921), (Shvetashvatara Upanishad ), The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 394–411 with footnotes〕 The Upanishad is one of the 33 Upanishads from Taittiriyas, and associated with the ''Shvetashvatara'' tradition within ''Karakas sakha'' of the Yajurveda.〔〔 It is a part of the "black" Yajurveda, with the term "black" implying "the un-arranged, motley collection" of content in Yajurveda, in contrast to the "white" (well arranged) Yajurveda where Brihadaranyaka Upanishad and Isha Upanishad are embedded.〔Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 217-219〕 The chronology of Maitrayaniya Upanishad is contested, but generally accepted to be a late period Upanishadic composition.〔〔Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0231144858, Chapter 1〕 The text includes a closing credit to sage ''Shvetashvatara'', considered the author of the Upanishad. However, scholars believe that while sections of the text shows an individual stamp by its style, verses and other sections were interpolated and expanded over time; the Upanishad as it exists now is the work of more than one author.〔Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 301-304〕 The Shvetashvatara Upanishad opens with metaphysical questions about the primal cause of all existence, its origin, its end, and what role if any did time, nature, necessity, chance, the spirit had as primal cause?〔 It then develops its answer, concluding that "the Universal Soul exists in every individual, it expresses itself in every creature, everything in the world is a projection of it, and that there is Oneness, a unity of souls in one and only Self".〔 The text is notable for its discussion of the concept of personal god – Ishvara, and suggesting it to be a path to one's own Highest Self.〔〔 The text is also notable for its multiple mentions of both Rudra and Shiva, along with other Vedic deities, and of crystallization of Shiva as a central theme.〔 The Shvetashvatara Upanishad is a Principal Upanishad of Hinduism, commented by many of its ancient and medieval scholars.〔Max Muller, (The Shvetashvatara Upanishad ), Oxford University Press, pages xxxii - xlii〕 It is a foundational text of the philosophy of Shaivism,〔Chakravarti, p. 9.〕 as well as the Yoga and Vedanta schools of Hinduism.〔 Some 19th century scholars initially suggested that Shvetashvatara Upanishad is sectarian or possibly influenced by Christianity, hypotheses that were disputed, later discarded by scholars.〔 ==Etymology== The name "Shvetashvatara" has the compound Sanskrit root ''Shvetashva'' (श्वेताश्व, Shvet + ashva), which literally means "white horse" and "drawn by white steeds".〔(zvetAzva ) Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Sanskrit Digital Lexicon, Germany〕 ''Shvetashvatara'' is a bahuvrihi compound of ('), where ''tara'' means "crossing", "carrying beyond".〔(tara ) Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Sanskrit Digital Lexicon, Germany〕 The word ''Shvetashvatara'' translates to "the one carrying beyond on white horse" or simply "white mule that carries".〔〔 The text is sometimes spelled as Svetasvatara Upanishad. It is also known as Shvetashvataropanishad or Svetasvataropanishad, and as Shvetashvataranam Mantropanishad.〔 In ancient and medieval literature, the text is frequently referred to in the plural, that is as ''Svetasvataropanishadah''.〔 Some metric poetic verses, such as ''Vakaspatyam'' simply refer to the text as ''Shvetashva''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shvetashvatara Upanishad」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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